| Economics News Articles: March 2007 |
| Welcome to the March set of news
articles. March is traditionally Budget month in the UK coming, as it
does, just before the end of the tax year. This year is no exception and
the Budget was presented by the Chancellor on March 21st. Budgets tend to
have fewer surprises these days as many of the measures are either leaked
in advance or floated as possibilities in the pre-Budget statement at the
end of the previous year. However, this year, in what might be described
as an overtly political (as opposed to economic) gesture, he reduced the
basic rate of income tax by 2p in the pound. This was not the full tax
story though - see news item 14 for further details on the budget. This
month has also seen a number of issues relating to competition policy
cropping up in economics-related news articles. The EU has agreed an 'open
skies' deal with the USA (see news item 7). In further news related to
flying, the Tories have proposed taxes on air travel (see news item 9),
and the environment has been in the news as well with the EU announcing an
agreement on energy use targets (see news item 8).
As ever, we hope you find the articles and questions valuable. Do let us know any feedback you may have about the topics included and any others you would like to see. |
|
Andy
Beharrell |
| Contents |
1. China goes private?
2. Capitalism - are there really any alternatives?
3. A property crash - worth taking a gamble on?
4. Price of tin reaches its highest in years
5. The minimum wage rises further
6. What is the true cost of the Olympics?
7. The liberalisation of air travel - who gains?
8. The EU agrees a renewable energy target
9. A Tory tax on air travel - flying a kite?
10. Sentance warns on rapid consumption growth
11. The long-term path of inflation
12. Adam Smith - you may be seeing a lot more of him
13. Economic froth
14. UK Budget 2007 - the case of the vanishing tax cut
15. Oxfam slams bilateral trade deals
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 1 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Introduction and Chapter 1 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 1, 3 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 1 |
| China, in a contentious new law, has given its people additional private property rights and protection of private assets. Many were worried that this eroded fundamental socialist principles, and it can be argued that this moves China further towards becoming a market economy. |
China announces new property law BBC News Online (9/3/07)
China passes new law on property BBC News Online (16/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Examine the implications for the Chinese economy of the new additional property rights. |
| 2. | Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the new law giving additional private property rights. |
| 3. | Assess the extent to which this moves China closer to being a free market economy. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 1 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Introduction and Chapter 1 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 1, 3 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 1 |
| Recent economic history has led many commentators to believe that a free-market capitalist economy is the only efficient method of allocating resources. The transition of former Eastern Block economies has furthered this perception. In the article from the Guardian linked below, Andrew Murray considers this argument and argues that capitalism may not be the be all and end all of economic organisation. |
No, capitalism is not the only way to order human affairs Guardian (8/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Discuss the arguments for and against using a free-market economy as the principal method of resource allocation. |
| 2. | Assess the principal reasons for the transition of planned economies to market economies over the past two decades. |
| 3. | Examine the validity of the arguments raised by Andrew Murray in his article. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 2 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 2, 3 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 4, 5 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 2 |
| Changes in house prices could be considered a national obsession in the UK and recent speculation about a property crash or a crash in the buy-to-let sector of the market has been no exception. Many commentators differ about the possible direction of house prices with average annual increases of around 10% continuing. So will the sector crash? Or won't it? The articles below consider some of the issues on the supply side and the demand side of the market. |
Head to Head: Will property prices crash? BBC News Online (13/03/07)
Five million new homes needed Guardian (16/03/07)
Past report of buy-to-let's death have been exaggerated Guardian (21/02/07)
Britain likely to need 5m new homes by 2027 Guardian (17/03/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Describe the main factors determining the level of supply and demand in the housing market in the UK. |
| 2. | Using supply and demand diagrams as appropriate, illustrate recent changes in the UK housing market. Draw a further set of diagrams to illustrate the changes in the rented sector of the housing market. |
| 3. | Assess the most likely direction of house prices in the next three years and give reasons for your answer. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 2 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 2 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 4, 5 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 2 |
| Metal and other commodity prices have been rising rapidly in recent years, but the price of tin has risen particularly fast in the last year. So what are the main factors that have caused this? The article linked to below from The Economist considers the recent changes that have taken place in the market for tin. |
Pushing tin The Economist (1/03/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Describe the main factors determining the level of supply and demand for tin. |
| 2. | Using supply and demand diagrams as appropriate, illustrate recent changes in the international market for tin. |
| 3. | Discuss the likely values for the elasticity of demand and supply for tin. To what extent might these values have affected the changes in price of tin that have taken place in the last year? |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 10 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 5 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 18 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 7 |
| The national minimum wage will rise again in October 2007 by about 3% from £5.35 to £5.52. However, the Work Foundation has warned that the effectiveness of the minimum wage may be at its limits and that further rises in its level may not have the desired impact in terms of addressing inequality. The articles and press release below consider these issues. |
Minimum wage up to £5.52 per year BBC News Online (7/3/07)
National minimum wage at the limits of its effectiveness The Work Foundation - press release (6/3/07)
Warning over minimum wage level BBC News Online (6/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Using diagrams as appropriate, illustrate the likely impact on the UK labour market of the proposed increase in the national minimum wage from October 2007. |
| 2. | Assess the arguments given by the Work Foundation that the minimum wage is reaching the limits of its effectiveness. |
| 3. | Evaluate two methods other than a national minimum wage for reducing levels of both relative and absolute poverty. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapters 5, 11 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 3, 6 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 9 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 4 |
| Having secured the 2012 Olympics, we now have to work out how to pay for it. Recent news has indicated that the cost of hosting the Olympics has risen significantly from the original estimate. However, there is considerable debate in the media about what the real cost is. The figures given are massive, but what will we be left with after the games are over? How can we value these assets? The blog below from Evan Davis looks at some of these issues and discusses the real cost of hosting the Olympics. |
Why do costs overrun? BBC News Online (16/3/07)
Real cost of 2012? BBC News Online - Evan Davis blog (15/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Identify five fixed and five variable costs of running the Olympics. |
| 2. | Discuss the value of the opportunity cost of hosting the Olympics. |
| 3. | List the direct and indirect benefits of hosting the 2012 Olympics in London. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 12 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 6 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 20, 21, 22 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 8 |
| In what is being heralded as a historic deal, the EU has reached agreement with the USA on what is termed an 'open skies' deal. This will allow EU-based airlines to fly from anywhere in Europe to anywhere in the USA and US carriers can operate to any European destination. So what will this deal mean for travellers, the environment and the airlines. The articles below look at the issues and also at the detail of the agreement, which still maintains many of the previous limitations on airlines and their ownership. |
EU backing for 'open skies' deal BBC News Online (22/3/07)
Q&A: Open skies BBC News Online (22/3/07)
EU agrees open skies deal Guardian (22/3/07)
Open skies: Q&A Guardian (22/3/07)
Transatlantic fares set to tumble after 'open skies' deal Times Online (22/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | What criteria should be used to assess the success of the 'open skies' deal? |
| 2. | Assess the extent to which the 'open skies' deal will increase the level of competition in the transatlantic market for air travel. |
| 3. | Discuss the options available to the EU to increase competition further in the market for air travel. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 12 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 6 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 20, 22 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 8 |
| March 2007 has seen a lot of activity in government circles relating to the environment and environmental legislation. The EU has agreed a renewable energy target for all members while the UK government has released its own climate change bill. The Carbon Trust has then released a one-year pilot of a carbon labelling scheme, with Walkers Crisps being the first brand to bear the carbon labels. The aim is to increase consumers' awareness of the carbon footprint of the goods they are buying. The articles linked below look at all these issues. |
EU agrees renewable energy target BBC News Online (9/3/07)
EU seeks converts to eco-stoicism BBC News Online (9/3/07)
Navarra embraces green energy BBC News Online (9/3/07)
How Europe can save the world Guardian (11/3/07)
Carbon labelling scheme launched BBC News Online (15/3/07)
Labels reveal goods' carbon cost BBC News Online (16/3/07)
New law in the climate jungle BBC News Online (13/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Explain the difference between private costs and external costs. Identify five external costs that arise from the generation of electricity by conventional means. |
| 2. | Using diagrams as appropriate, show the impact on the market for energy of increased use of energy generated from renewable sources. |
| 3. | Evaluate the likely effectiveness of the carbon labelling scheme introduced by the Carbon Trust. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 12 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 6 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 20, 22 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 8 |
| In a surprise move, the Tories have announced plans to tax air travel as part of their environmental policy. It was no surprise to hear the airlines criticise this, but disquiet about this policy has been expressed in traditional Tory circles and it amounts to a significant departure from the past for the party. Are they just flying a kite, or is this a serious policy initiative? |
Tories reveal plans for green tax hike on air travel Guardian (11/3/07)
Tory plan for sky-high flight taxes Scotsman (11/3/07)
Airlines shoot down Tory 'tax on fun' Telegraph (12/3/07)
Green tax won't help the planet or the Tories Telegraph (11/3/07)
Tories plan green tax on flights BBC News Online (11/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Why might a free market in air travel not result in an optimal number of flights. |
| 2. | Discuss the likely effectiveness of the tax on flying for reducing the demand for air travel. (You should consider the likely value of the price elasticity of demand in your answer.) |
| 3. | With the use of appropriate diagrams, assess the likely impact of the tax on flying on the equilibrium level of price and output in the market for air travel. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapters 14, 16, 17, 19, 20 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 26, 28, 29, 30 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 9, 10 |
| Andrew Sentance is a relatively hawkish member of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). A former Chief Economist of British Airways, he has argued that the average rate of consumption growth over the last decade (3.5%) has been too fast for inflation to be sustainable and it may need to slow to around 2.5%. This has been taken as a clear indication by financial commentators that he will continue to argue for an increase in interest rates. |
Consumption needs to slow, says MPC's Sentance Scotsman (16/3/07)
Sentance warns of inflation danger Herald (15/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Explain the transmission mechanism from interest rates to the level of consumption. (You may find the Biz/ed explanation of the monetary transmission mechanism helpful in answering this.) |
| 2. | Assess Andrew Sentance's argument that a lower level of consumption will be required to reduce inflation. |
| 3. | Use the Bank of England's MPC web site to assess the extent to which other members of the MPC agree with Andrew Sentance. You may find it helpful to go to recent MPC minutes. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapters 14, 17, 19, 20 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 9, 10 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 28, 29, 30 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 9, 10 |
|
"IF YOU were to draw the path of inflation in the typical big, rich economy over the past half century, your picture would look much like a dromedary's back: a low flat line in the 1960s; a knobbly hump of high and volatile price rises in the 1970s; dramatic disinflation in the 1980s; and low, stable inflation rates since. Japan and Germany, which were quicker to quell inflation, are well-known exceptions. But for the rest, the shape and timing of the Great Inflation bulge look remarkably similar." This is the introduction to the article linked to below from The Economist. So what did cause the inflation hump? |
Anatomy of a hump The Economist (8/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Summarise the main causes of the inflation hump. |
| 2. | Explain the main factors affecting the long-term level of inflation. |
| 3. | Evaluate two policies that can be adopted by governments to reduce the long-term average level of inflation. |
News Item 12: Adam Smith - you may be seeing a lot more of him
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapters 1, 5, 15 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 1, 3, 7 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 9, 26 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 4, 9 |
| Adam Smith is the face on the new £20 note. This could be used as an argument that economics has moved into the mainstream, but many people may not be aware of the influence that he has had on modern classical economics. The articles below may help reveal his ongoing economic influence. |
What you should know about Adam Smith BBC News Online (13/03/07)
Why Brown reveres the man on the new £20 note Guardian (19/03/06)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Assess the impact of Adam Smith on classical economic theory. |
| 2. | Summarise the main works and theories of Adam Smith. (You may find the information in the Biz/ed Virtual Economy on Adam Smith helpful. For a complete list of works of Adam Smith, many online, see website C18 in the hotlinks section of this site.) |
| 3. | Discuss the extent to which Gordon Brown has been influenced by Adam Smith in his policies. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapters 16, 17, 19 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 9, 10 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 26, 29, 30 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 9, 10 |
| The extract from Evan Davis's blog below considers whether the UK economy is really overheating. |
Economic froth BBC News Online - Evan Davis blog (6/3/07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | Assess the arguments offered by Evan Davis in his blog that the UK economy is overheating. |
| 2. | Identify the role of the property market in determining the level of economic growth in the UK. |
| 3. | Evaluate two policies that the government could adopt to reduce the level of 'economic froth'. |
News Item 14: The UK Budget 2007 - the case of the vanishing tax cut
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapters 19, 22 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 9, 10 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 26, 29, 30, 31 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 9, 10 |
|
The tax year in the UK runs from April 6th to April 5th the following year and so Budgets have traditionally been in March as they set out the government's tax policy for the following year. The 2006 Budget was unlikely ever to be an exciting one given the room for manoeuvre that the Chancellor currently has with taxation and spending, but there were some indications of the possible priorities of a 'Brown government', should we get one in the next few months. |
Times Online Budget 2007 special Times Online (21/3/07)
Guardian 2007 Budget special Guardian (21/3/07)
Brown woos big business BBC News Online - Robert Peston blog (21/3/07)
Gordon Brown's last Budget (cartoon) Guardian (22/3/06)
BBC Budget 2007 BBC News Online (21/3/06)
Q&A: what the Budget means for you BBC News Online (21/3/07)For details of the Budget measures, you may want to look at:
Budget 2007 HM Treasury Budget pages (March 07)
HM Treasury Budget microsite HM Treasury (March 07)
| Questions | |
| 1. | What are the key changes in the Budget? What effects are they likely to have on the economy? |
| 2. | Explain possible reasons why the Chancellor chose to cut the basic rate of income tax by 2p in the pound? What economic benefits does he hope for as a result of this measure? |
| 3. | Why may many people have no increase in disposable income despite the cut in the basic rate? |
| 4. | Discuss the likely impact of the Budget on small and large businesses. |
| Relevant to: |
| Economics (6th edition) Chapter 26 |
| Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 12 |
| Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 32 |
| The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 11 |
|
Many new regional trade agreements (RTAs) and bilateral trade agreements have been signed in recent years. In a report - Signing away the future - Oxfam has argued that these trade agreements may often significantly disadvantage the poorer developing countries. The links below give access to the briefing paper and some FAQs about these agreements. |
Oxfam slams bilateral trade deals BBC News Online (20/3/07)
The state of world trade - Oxfam Oxfam website
Signing away the future - Oxfam Briefing Paper Oxfam website
Signing away the future - Q&A Oxfam website
| Questions | |
| 1. | Explain the difference between a regional trade agreement and a bilateral trade agreement. |
| 2. | Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for developing countries of signing (a) bilateral trade agreements and (b) regional trade agreements. |
| 3. | Choose a specific recent regional trade agreement and assess the impact it has had on the member countries. |