Economics News Articles: May/June 2006
 

Welcome to the final set of news articles for the academic year 2005/6. I'm now taking a break for the summer from this monthly trawl through the papers. The next set of articles will be in September and monthly thereafter. In the meantime, if you're searching for news, there is a wide range of sites out there. Google news remains one of the best sites as it 'aggregates' news from a wide range of sources. However, if you want a slightly different view of the aggregated Google news, why not have a look at Newsmap? Don't forget also the The Guardian World News Guide (this gives you easy access to newspapers from around the world and gives a brief description of each one) and the main Guardian news archive. The economy section of the BBC news site also makes an excellent reference source to keep up to date and if you want constant access to the news from your PC, you could always download the BBC News ticker. If you have a web site of your own, you can even get an RSS feed from the BBC site or from Biz/ed. Biz/ed also has podcasts of news stories for you to download.

The news this month has been dominated by turbulence in markets. Commodity markets have risen high and many of the poorer nations have benefited but in News Item 15 we look at whether this situation can last. High commodity prices have also lead to the odd situation of 2p actually being worth 3p (see News Item 3). However, the Royal Mint does recommend you don't go melting all your coins down as that is actually illegal! Financial markets have also had a turbulent month and with inflation rising, we have also learnt of a split in the MPC over inflation policy (see News Item 12). At least our inflation isn't as bad as that in Zimbabwe where the publication of the figures has been delayed, but inflation is thought to be touching 1000% (see News Item 11).

As always, I hope that you find the articles useful for your studies. If your academic year is coming to an end, good luck with any exams and have a good break.

Andy Beharrell

 Contents 

1. Energy - should we be afraid of the Russian bear?
2. We're smoking less, but more money is going up in smoke
3. How much is 2p worth, actually 3p!
4. The online music revolution
5. The benefits of migration
6. Average income of richest 20% is 16 times that of poorest
7. Can public goods really be delivered by private means?
8. Carbon trading - too good to be true?
9. Supermarkets = super competition?
10. Economic growth up, happiness down?
11. Inflation in Zimbabwe - will it go over 1000%?
12. M/P/C - splits in inflation policy
13. Slovenia to join the Euro
14. Look out India - outsourcing in China
15. Poor nations ride high on commodity boom


News Item 1: Energy - should we be afraid of the Russian bear?

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapters 2, 25
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapters 1, 2
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 4, 5
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 2
 

Recent months have seen a lot of attention paid to the term energy security. With North Sea gas running out and our dependence on gas for electricity generation rising all the time, commentators have expressed concerns that we will become dependent on other countries for our gas supplies. One of those countries is Russia which has around 16% of the world's gas reserves. But should we be afraid of the Russian bear or do they have more to fear from us? The article below from The Economist looks in more detail at the relationship between Europe and the Russian gas giant Gazprom.

Who's' afraid of Gazprom? The Economist (4/5/06)
Questions
1. What is likely to happen to the price of gas in (a) the short term, (b) the medium term and (c) the long term?
2. Assess whether you think the 'Panglossians' are right. 
3. Examine why Gazprom is so dependent on exports of gas.

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News Item 2: We're smoking less, but more money is going up in smoke

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapters 2, 12 (see also Box 3.3 6th edition)
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapters 1, 2
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 4, 5
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 2
 

68 billion individual cigarettes will be bought this year - down from 79 billion five years ago, according to market analysts Mintel. But we are spending more money on fewer cigarettes, so just what is going on?
Smokers 'buying fewer cigarettes' Guardian (24/5/06)

Questions
1. Fewer cigarettes purchased, but more money spent! What can we conclude from this about the value of the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes?
2. Using diagrams as appropriate, illustrate the changes that have taken place in the market for cigarettes.
3. Assess the effectiveness of indirect taxation as a tool to improve public health by reducing smoking.

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News Item 3: How much is 2p worth, actually 3p!

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapter 2
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapters 1, 2
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapter 4
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 2
 

In a slightly bizarre twist, it has emerged that the intrinsic value of a 2p coin now exceeds the face value of the coin. Recent increases in copper prices have meant that a tonne of 2p coins (145 000 coins) is, according to the face value, worth £2900. However, melt them down and sell them for their scrap metal value and the coins will be worth £4400. However, before you start ruining your kitchen saucepans trying to melt the coins, bear in mind that it needs to be coins made before 1992 as they have a 97% copper content. Newer coins only have a copper coating and anyway, melting down the Queen's head could have you put in the tower for treason!
How much is a 2p worth? Actually, 3p Guardian (11/5/06)
Mint warns against melting coins BBC News Online (12/5/06)

Questions
1. What has caused the rise in copper prices on world markets?
2. What are the principal factors affecting the demand for copper and other metals?
3. What is meant by the terms "goldilocks economy" and "super-cycle"? (See Guardian article.)

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News Item 4: The online music revolution

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapters 6, 7, 8
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapter 4
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 8, 11, 12, 13, 15
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapters 3, 5, 6
 

A slow revolution has been taking place in the music industry. The emergence of iTunes and other music download sites has led to music downloads becoming mainstream. However, another revolution has been taking place at the same time. Bands like the Arctic Monkeys have risen to fame through the Internet and not the conventional music industry channels. So does this mean that the Internet is threatening the traditional marketing domination of the big music labels?
The online music revolution BBC News Online (18/5/05)

Questions
1. Examine how the Internet has changed the market structure of the music industry.
2. Assess the likely impact on equilibrium price and output in the market for music of increased involvement of small independent music labels. 
3. Discuss the costs and benefits for consumers of the changes taking place in the music industry.

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News Item 5: The benefits of migration

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapters 9, 10, 22, 25
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapters 5, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 18, 25, 30
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapters 7, 11
 

With the enlargement of the European Union, there was a significant debate about migration. Many countries were concerned about a flood of Eastern European workers taking advantage of the new rules relating to the free movement of labour and capital around Europe. The debate generally seemed to focus on possible negative effects of migration, but what about the benefits of migration. The article below from the Times Online looks at the impact of migration in Ireland.
Dublin cafe offers taste of things to come Times Online (3/5/06)

Questions
1. Discuss the costs and benefits of migration for Ireland.
2. What is the likely impact of increased net migration on the Irish labour market?
3. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands are still protecting against migrants from the new European members. How can they justify this action?

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News Item 6: Average income of richest 20% is 16 times that of poorest

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapter 10
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapter 5
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapter 18
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 7
 

Income distribution has been an ongoing issue for the Labour government. Many of the Chancellor's policies have included means-tested or targeted benefits to try to increase incomes of the most disadvantaged. However, the rapid rise of incomes at the top end of the income range has meant that inequality remains high by historical standards. Though inequality has lessened, the change, according to figures from the Office for National Statistics, has not been enough to reverse the huge rise in inequality in the late 19080s when Mrs.Thatcher was prime minister.
Average income of richest 20% is 16 times that of the poorest Guardian (13/5/06)

Questions
1. Summarise the main changes in income distribution that have taken place in recent years.
2. Which government policies have had the greatest impact in terms of redistribution of income?
3. Discuss the policy options available to the Chancellor to achieve a further decrease in income inequality.

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News Item 7: Can public goods really be delivered by private means?

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapter 11
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapter 6
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapter 20
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 8
 

The article linked to below is a commentary from the Guardian by Jonathan Freedland looking at how public goods should be delivered. Should the mechanism be through the public sector or can the private sector deliver public benefits? Current philosophy is to have essentially market-based solutions to public problems. As Jonathan Freedland puts it:

"The pre-1979 consensus was broken by Margaret Thatcher's determination to reshape Britain in the image of the market, a neoliberal philosophy that formed a new consensus of its own. That belief in markets remains entrenched, accepted more or less by all the main parties. The New Labour government of 1997 accepted it wholeheartedly."

Blair's failure is to think that public goods can be delivered by private means Guardian (10/5/06)

Questions
1. What are the main characteristics of public goods?
2. Explain the main methods for delivering public goods and evaluate their viability.
3. Assess the problems that may arise from trying to provide public goods through private market-based methods.

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News Item 8: Carbon trading - too good to be true?

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapter 12
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapter 6
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 20, 22
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 8
 

The trading of carbon permits to reduce pollution levels has been adopted as one of the principal methods for the EU to reduce carbon emissions and therefore for member countries to meet their obligations under the Kyoto Treaty. However, is the system that has been set up too generous? Many are arguing that the limits that have been set are far too generous and far from reducing carbon emissions, this has enabled the firms involved to benefit from a windfall - perhaps as high as £1bn.
Carbon trading's real colours BBC News Online (16/5/06)
Concerns over EU carbon trading BBC News Online (15/5/06)
Questions raised over EU carbon trading scheme Guardian (15/5/06)

Questions
1. Explain how the EU carbon trading system works and the way in which it is intended to reduce carbon emissions.
2. What are the problems with the way the European scheme has been set up?
3. What other policies are available to governments to reduce carbon emissions?

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News Item 9: Supermarkets = super competition?

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapters 7, 12
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapters 4, 6
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 12, 21
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapters 5, 8
 

The big four supermarkets (Asda, Sainsbury's, Tesco and Morrisons) control 75% of the UK grocery market, a market that is worth around £120bn a year. The Office of Fair Trading has asked the Competition Commission to institute the third inquiry into the market in seven years and it is thought that this inquiry may, because of the terms of reference, be a fuller one than before.
Supermarkets face third inquiry in seven years Guardian (10/5/06)
OFT opens door wide for grocery inquiry Times Online (10/5/06)
Inquiry spells trouble for big four Guardian (10/5/06)
Supermarket inquiry could force the big companies to sell stores Telegraph (10/5/06)
Supermarkets warned of cap on prices Telegraph (10/5/06)
Stores carry on at our convenience Times Online (10/5/06)
Land locked Guardian (9/5/06)
Supermarkets hit with full competition probe Times Online (9/5/06)
Supermarkets in competition probe BBC News Online (10/5/06)

Questions
1. Why has the OFT now decided to ask for a further inquiry into the grocery market?
2. Assess the costs and benefits for consumers of greater competition in the grocery market.
3. If the inquiry finds that there are monopoly problems in the grocery market, discuss possible policies to remedy this..

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News Item 10: Economic growth up, happiness down?

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapter 13
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapter 7
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapter 26
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 9
 

We are richer, but are we happier? Why not try the 'happiness test' to see how happy you are? If economic growth does not lead us to be happier, then should we perhaps be adapting our economic targets?

Happiness and public policy BBC News Online (17/05/06)
Muddled thinking on the third way to happiness Guardian (1/06/06)
Music to the ears of a tax-happy Chancellor Times Online (20/05/06)


Questions
1. What are the main determinants of happiness and to what extent are these economic determinants?
2. Examine policy options available to the Chancellor to try to increase the overall level of happiness in the UK.
3. Assess factors other than GDP growth that contribute to the standard of living in an economy and may therefore affect happiness.

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News Item 11: Inflation in Zimbabwe - will it go over 1000%?

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition), Chapters 14, 17, 19, 20; (5th edition), Chapters 14, 18, 20, 21
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapters 9, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 28, 29, 30
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapters 9, 10
 

Zimbabwe's annual inflation rate climbed from 782% in February to 913.6% in March, the highest in the world. However, the publication of more recent figures has been delayed with the figure likely to be around 1000%.
Zimbabwe inflation data delayed BBC News Online (10/5/06)
Harare's $100,000 bill buys one loaf The Australian (2/6/06)

Questions
1. Explain the main factors that have led to the hyperinflation in Zimbabwe..
2. What are the main economic costs of hyperinflation?.
3. Discuss policy options available to the Zimbabwean government to reduce the level of inflation and restore macroeconomic stability.

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News Item 12: M/P/C - splits in inflation policy

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition), Chapters 17, 19; (5th edition), Chapters 18, 20
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapters 9, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 28, 30
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 10
 

The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a committee of the Bank of England that sets interest rates each month. After committee members have made their decision they publish the minutes of the meeting as a way of increasing the transparency of the decision-making process. For the first time, the minutes relating to the May 2006 decision have shown a 3-way split. With six members wanting to keep rates the same, while one wanted to reduce rates and one wanted to increase rates.
Bank splits in three on rates vote BBC News Online (17/5/06)
Minutes show MPC split on direction of interest rates Scotsman (17/5/06)
MPC's new-born rates hawk takes to the wing The Herald (18/5/06)
Dove's change of stripe stirs fears of a base rate increase Guardian (18/5/06)
Split MPC vote swings opinion towards rise Scotsman (18/5/06)

Questions
1. Examine the possible justification for (a) an interest rate increase and (b) an interest rate decrease. You may find it helpful to look at the minutes of the May 2006 MPC meeting.
2. What is meant by (a) doves and (b) hawks?
3. How does the Bank of England maintain the official interest rate in the market? (N.B. You may find the Bank of Biz/ed helpful in answering this. In particular the pages on how the Bank of England maintains a shortage of liquidity in the market.)
4. Have a go at the Bank of Biz/ed interactive quiz on maintaining interest rates.

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News Item 13: Slovenia to join the Euro

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapter 24
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapter 12
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapter 32
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 11
 

Slovenia will be the first new member to join the Eurozone since 2001. However, other countries such as Lithuania, Poland and Hungary have not yet met the requirements for joining the Euro. So will the Euro benefit Slovenia?
Getting the euro timing right BBC News Online (17/5/06)
Slovenia accepted into single currency Times Online (17/5/06)
Slovenia to join Eurozone in January 2007 EU Observer (16/5/06)
Slovenia on track to join Eurozone Business Week (16/5/06)
Slovenia to enter Eurozone club BBC News Online (16/5/06)
Euro brings scent of inflation for Slovenes International Herald Tribune (15/5/06)

Questions
1. Assess the costs and benefits for Slovenes of joining the Eurozone in January 2007.
2. What is Slovenia doing to try to ensure that the adoption of the Euro does not lead to higher inflation?
3. What are the criteria that other prospective Eurozone countries have to meet before they can join? What policies will they need to put in place to try to ensure that they can enter the Eurozone in the future?

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News Item 14: Look out India - outsourcing in China

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapters 23, 25
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapters 11, 12
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapters 23, 24
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapters 11, 12
 

India has carved out a sizeable market in business outsourcing, but China is now starting to find their way into this market. Could this threaten Indian dominance of the market?
Watch out, India The Economist (4/5/06)

Questions
1. What are the main costs and benefits of business outsourcing?
2. What are the main factors that have led to the growth of business outsourcing to places such as China and India?
3.
Assess the likely impact of the growth in business outsourcing on the UK labour market.

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News Item 15: Poor nations ride high on commodity boom

Relevant to:
    Economics (5th and 6th edition), Chapter 26
    Essentials of Economics (3rd edition), Chapter 12
    Economics for Business (3rd edition), Chapter 23
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition), Chapter 12
 

Rapid increases in commodity prices (see News Item 3) have led to windfall gains for many of the poorest countries. Many of these countries are rich in resources but lack the domestic means of exploiting them fully and are thus heavily dependent on inward investment. Higher commodity prices have given then significantly higher returns after many years of falling commodity prices. However, aid agencies are concerned that the 'vagaries' of international markets will result in further changes in the terms of trade for developing countries that may adversely affect their development.
Poor nations ride high on the commodity boom but aid agencies worry about the bust Guardian (10/5/06)

Questions
1. What is the likely impact of the rapid rise in metal prices on the terms of trade of developing countries who have significant reserves of metals?
2. How have developing countries which rely on 'soft commodities' (e.g. sugar) been affected by the rapid rise in metal prices on world markets?
3. Discuss the most effective ways for developing countries to use these windfall gains from higher commodity prices.

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