Economics News Articles: May/June 2007
 

Welcome to the final set of news articles for the academic year 2006/7. I'm now taking a break for the summer from this monthly trawl through the papers. The next set of articles will be in September and monthly thereafter. In the meantime, if you're searching for news, there is a wide range of sites out there. Google news remains one of the best sites as it 'aggregates' news from a wide range of sources. However, if you want a slightly different view of the aggregated Google news, why not have a look at Newsmap? Don't forget also the The Guardian World News Guide (this gives you easy access to newspapers from around the world and gives a brief description of each one) and the main Guardian news archive. The economy section of the BBC news site also makes an excellent reference source to keep up to date and if you want constant access to the news from your PC, you could always download the BBC News ticker. If you have a web site of your own, you can even get an RSS feed from the BBC site or from Biz/ed. Biz/ed also has podcasts of news stories for you to download.

The focus of our news items this month is more macro than micro and to a great extent this reflects the balance of the news this month. Inflation has been in the news again with interest rates rising and we look at money supply growth and the extent to which this might impact on inflation in News Item 12. This month has also seen one leader on their way out - Tony Blair, and another on the way in - Nicolas Sarkozy. In News Items 10 and 11 we look respectively at their economic legacy and inheritance. Climate change has rarely been out of the news in recent months and this month is no exception. In News Item 6 we look at the bill that has gone through parliament to allow local authorities to implement road pricing, while in News Item 7, Larry Elliott (the Guardian's economics editor) argues that our spend, spend, spend culture is literally costing the earth.

As always, I hope that you find the articles useful for your studies. If your academic year is coming to an end, good luck with any exams and have a good break.

Andy Beharrell

 
 Contents 

1. Monopoly abuse on the tracks?
2. The globalisation of labour
3. "All people are equal, but some are more equal than others" - life gets less equal
4. Nationalisation in Venezuela
5. Will the global rush to bio-fuel cause poverty?
6. Pay-as-you-drive moves a step closer
7. Spend, spend, spend is costing the earth
8. The new economic cycle?
9. 'Stag' or 'flation' - which should the US be worrying about?
10. The Blair economic legacy
11. The Sarkozy economic inheritance
12. Money supply growth - a danger signal?
13. Talk is cheap
14. Is this the end of free trade as we know it?
15. Lost in translation - revaluing the Yuan


News Item 1: Monopoly abuse on the tracks?

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 6, 12
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 4, 6
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 11, 12
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 5
 
 

Passenger groups have reacted angrily to the raising of off-peak fares by South West Trains by around 20% on many journeys. The train company has increased unregulated fares significantly where there is little competition, but appears to have limited the increases on journeys where there is competition. Is this an abuse of their monopoly position?

Train firm accused of abusing monopoly Times Online (8/5/07)
Price hike angers train watchdog BBC News Online (8/5/07)
Questions
1. Discuss the extent to which South West Trains has a monopoly on its rail journeys.
2. Using diagrams as appropriate, show the reasons why South West Trains has chosen to increase off-peak prices by as much as 20%. 
3. Discuss the likely value of the price elasticity of demand for off-peak rail journeys. To what extent will this have influenced South West Trains' pricing decision?

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News Item 2: The globalisation of labour

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 9, 25
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 5
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 18, 23
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 7
 

The UK and global labour markets are changing significantly. In the UK we have faced a level of immigration of around 500 - 600 000 people (the government does not know the exact figure), while in the global economy the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has estimated in its latest World Economic Outlook that the global labour force has quadrupled in the last quarter of a century. So what is the impact on the UK labour market? Many assume that the effect is negative, but as is always the way with these things, you will find plenty of economists who will argue the opposite. The article below from the Times Online looks at these national and global issues.
Workers count cost of a global labour flood Times Online (29/4/07)
Migrants create job market slack Times Online (20/5/07)

Questions
1. Using diagrams as appropriate assess the impact of recent immigration on the UK labour market.
2. Discuss the extent to which changes in the global labour force and UK immigration have affected the level of wages in the UK labour market.
3. Discuss the extent to which the global labour force is likely to change in the next decade.

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News Item 3: "All people are equal, but some are more equal than others" - life gets less equal

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapter 10
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 5
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 18
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 7
 

During the period that Mrs Thatcher was in office, the post-war trend towards greater equality of income was reversed. Although some of the changes the Labour government has made since 1997 have helped those on lower incomes, the rise in incomes at the top of the scale has meant that the gap between rich and poor has widened again. The article below from the Guardian looks at the latest figures on income inequality.
Inequality at same level as under Thatcher Guardian (18/5/07)

Questions
1. Define the terms (a) Lorenz curve and (b) Gini coefficient.
2. Given the changes in income distribution outlined in the article, discuss how the value of the Gini coefficient has changed since 1997.
3. Draw Lorenz curves to show the changes that have taken place in income distribution during Mrs Thatcher's period in office and during Tony Blair's time in office.
4. Analyse two policies that the government could introduce to reverse these income distribution trends.

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News Item 4: Nationalisation in Venezuela

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 11, 22
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 6, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 22
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 8
 

President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela has built up the pace of turning Venezuela into a socialist state with sweeping reforms, including extensive nationalisation. This has always been a controversial policy (not least with the private companies which will be taken into state ownership) and threatens to create further social tension in Venezuela.
Nationalisation sweeps Venezuela BBC News Online (15/5/07)

Questions
1. What are the economic implications of the creation of a 'socialist state'?
2. Many of the poorest in Venezuela do not have full access to key services such as telecoms. Assess the extent to which nationalisation will help extend the reach of these services to all groups in society. 
3. Discuss the arguments for and against bringing key industries into state ownership.

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News Item 5: Will the global rush to bio-fuel cause poverty?

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 12, 26
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 6, 12
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 20, 22
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 8, 12
 

In its first report on the impact of bio-fuels, the United Nations (UN) has warned that such fuels may increase poverty in developing countries and have a wider environmental impact than has in the past been suggested. With oil prices at a record high and with climate change pressures, much of the developed world has adopted targets for bio-fuels, but environmentalists have warned that the rush to grow the raw materials for bio-fuels may be more damaging to the environment than the fossil fuels they will replace.
Global rush to energy crops threatens to bring food shortages and increase poverty, says UN Guardian (9/5/07)
UN warns on impacts of biofuels BBC News Online (9/5/07)
UN raises doubts on biofuels Guardian (9/5/07)

Questions
1. What are the external costs and external benefits resulting from the use of bio-fuels as opposed to fossil fuels?
2. Using diagrams as appropriate, show the impact of increased use of bio-fuels on the social equilibrium in the market for fuel.
3. Assess policies that European governments could put in place to ensure that the move towards increased use of bio-fuels has a positive environmental impact.

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News Item 6: Pay-as-you-drive moves a step closer

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapter 12
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 6
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 22
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 8
 

The issue of road pricing has been simmering in the background of the environmental debate for many years and has, this month, gained greater prominence with the publication of a draft version of the Road Transport Bill that will allow local authorities to run pay-as-you-drive trials in their local areas. A number of local authorities will be interested, though all will be wary of the policy given the recent petition on the Downing Street website against road pricing that got nearly two million signatures! London Mayor, Ken Livingstone, has meanwhile extended the reach of the London congestion charge with his plans to create a low emission zone (LEZ) in the capital and charge more for older, and therefore dirtier, vehicles to enter the zone.
Draft bill starts Britain down the road to pay as you drive Guardian (21/5/06)
Livingstone to charge older, dirtier lorries £200 per day Guardian (8/5/06)

Questions
1. What are the external costs and benefits resulting from increased use of the roads?
2. Discuss the extent to which the policy of charging more for older, dirtier vehicles is likely to reduce the external costs of driving.
3. Using diagrams as appropriate, show the likely impact of pay-as-you-drive schemes on the social equilibrium in the transport market.

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News Item 7: Spend, spend, spend is costing the earth

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 12, 17, 19
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 6, 7, 9, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 22, 26, 29, 30
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 8, 9, 10
 

A survey for Mintel has shown that consumer spending in the UK has broken through the £1 trillion barrier - up 9% from last year. This kind of increase is very effective at boosting production, but the monetary and environmental effects of this kind of spending are significant. The Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has had to raise interest rates four times since last summer. The environmental effects are arguably longer term, but perhaps need to be dealt with just as urgently. So is this level of consumer spending sustainable - economically and environmentally?

Blair's failure is to think that public goods can be delivered by private means Guardian (10/5/06)

Questions
1. Assess the main causes of the current level of growth of consumer spending.
2. Discuss the effectiveness of interest rates as a tool to reduce the growth rate of consumer spending.
3. Discuss the ways in which government policy may need to change if it is to take account of the economic and environmental impact of growth in aggregate demand.

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News Item 8: The new economic cycle?

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 13, 14, 15, 16, 25
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 7, 9, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 26, 29, 32
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 9
 

The study of economic cycles has been a part of economics ever since, well .... economics! The study of cycles and the causes of them can help us to gain an insight into policies requires to minimise and mitigate their effects. The article below from the Times Online considers the extent to which the traditional cycle has changed in recent years.
We need new economic cycle to understand changing world Times Online (26/4/07)

Questions
1. Define the following terms from the article (a) Kondratiev cycle (b) output gap and (c) the 'golden rule'.
2. Explain the argument in the article that the nature of the economic cycle has changed.
3. Discuss the extent to which independence of the Bank of England has helped to lengthen the standard economic cycle.

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News Item 9: 'Stag' or 'flation' - which should the US be worrying about?

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 13, 14, 15, 16, 19
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 7, 9
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 26, 29, 30
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 9, 10
 

Recent trends in the US economy have shown that inflation is rising (though not at levels comparable with 20 years ago) and that growth is also falling - just 1.3% (at an annualised rate). Though neither of these figures are at levels that could be considered too worrying, the trend to have rising prices and falling growth is a worrying one. A situation where growth is falling and prices are rising was in the past termed 'stagflation' - hence the title of the article from The Economist linked to below.
Stag or 'flation The Economist (3/5/07)

Questions
1. Explain the circumstances can lead to stagflation.
2. What macroeconomic policies are appropriate to deal with a situation of falling growth and rising prices?
3. Explain how the fact that "the relation between unemployment and inflation has also weakened" has affected the Federal Reserve's choice of policy approach.

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News Item 10: The Blair economic legacy

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 14, 19, 21, 22
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 9, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 26, 29, 30, 31
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 9, 10
 

Now that Tony Blair has announced that he is to step down as Prime Minister, the media has started to consider his legacy. The two articles focus on the economic legacy. While the BBC one is quite factual in its approach, the article by Larry Elliott from the Guardian is less complementary about his legacy.

The business of Tony Blair's decade BBC News Online (10/05/06)
Blair's legacy: a fantasy island trying to live beyond its means at every level Guardian (14/05/07)


Questions
1. Explain why Larry Elliott considers that we are living on a 'fantasy island'.
2. Explain the main economic changes that have been implemented during Tony Blair's time in office.
3. Discuss the extent to which the economic situation has improved under Tony Blair for (a) firms and (b) consumers.

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News Item 11: The Sarkozy economic inheritance

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 9, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 26, 29, 30, 31
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 9, 10
 

As Nicolas Sarkozy takes over as President of France, he faces a difficult economic situation. Poor economic growth, worsening international competitiveness and a worrying level of unemployment and social unrest mean that he has much to do. His approach will inevitably be controversial and the extent to which he is able to implement his promised reforms may depend on how well he can carry the main stakeholders with him.
Les misérables: France's unhappy position BBC News Online (7/5/07)

Questions
1. Explain the principal economic policies that Sarkozy has promised to implement.
2. Discuss the economic problems faced by France.
3. Analyse the economic constraints faced by Nicolas Sarkozy as he tries to implement his policies.
4. Assess the likely success of the economic policies promised by Sarkozy.

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News Item 12: Money supply growth - a danger signal?

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 17, 18, 19,
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 8, 9, 10
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 28, 30
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 9, 10
 

In the early days of monetary policy, money supply targeting was a core element of anti-inflation policy. This approach was slowly dropped during the 1990s, but the underlying growth of the money supply has remained an important issue for policy makers and recent growth in the money supply has led to concern from some commentators that higher inflationary pressures may yet emerge.
King sees money growth as danger sign Times Online (3/5/07)
Bank's inflation controllers leave the NICE decade to enter the not-so-nice Guardian (3/5/07)
Should letter-writing be a thing of the past? Times Online (30/4/07)

Questions
1. Explain the relationship between money supply growth and inflation.
2. What were the main factors that led to money supply targeting being dropped as a core element of monetary policy?
3. Assess the extent to which the MPC should pay more attention to the level of money supply growth.
4. Should letter-writing be a thing of the past?

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News Item 13: Talk is cheap

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 14, 21, 22, 23, 24
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 9, 10, 11
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 23, 24, 27, 31, 32
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapters 11, 12
 

The article linked to below is an extract (printed in the Guardian) from a new book by Dan Atkinson and Larry Elliott (economics editor for the Guardian). The introduction to the article summarises its theme quite effectively:

"We don't manufacture anything any more. Most of the world won't buy our records or watch our films. Only our gift of the gab is keeping Britain's economy ticking over. But how long can the hot air last, ask Larry Elliott and Dan Atkinson "

Talk is cheap Guardian (18/5/07)

Questions
1. Explain the underlying trade performance of the UK in recent years for (a) trade in goods and (b) trade in services.
2. "Labour believes Britain is at the cutting edge of the knowledge economy and that Britain's well-educated (sic), highly skilled (sic) and entrepreneurial (sic) workers are ready to kick German, American, Japanese and Chinese butt all round the global village." Discuss the extent to which this is true.
3. Assess the extent to which the theory of comparative advantage can help explain the differences in trade performance outlined in the article.

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News Item 14: Is this the end of free trade as we know it?

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 23, 24
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 11
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapters 24, 25
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 11
 

In the article below, Irwin Stelzer argues that Congress has adopted a more protectionist stance towards trade policy. Not all would, however, agree. Why not have a look at the comments after the article to see some of the discussion that has taken place about the article?
The end of free trade as we know it Times Online (20/5/07)

Questions
1. Assess the extent to which the new trade agreements under discussion are likely to improve the position of workers globally.
2. Analyse two policies that the US administration could put in place to reduce the level or protectionism.
3.
Discuss the extent to which the new trade agreements referred to in the article will represent a more protectionist approach to trade.

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News Item 15: Lost in translation - revaluing the yuan

Relevant to:
    Economics (6th edition) Chapters 24, 25
    Essentials of Economics (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 12
    Economics for Business (3rd and 4th edition) Chapter 27
    The Economic Environment of Business (1st edition) Chapter 11
 

Many commentators have been arguing that the Chinese currency, the yuan, is undervalued and that this is a factor behind its trade surplus. This is considered unfair and damaging to the interests of other countries around the world. This kind of criticism is particularly vocal in the USA with many US economists arguing that the yuan should be revalued by around 20%. However, the article linked to below from The Economist argues that this analysis is based on a series of myths and that a revaluation might actually damage US interests.
Lost in translation The Economist (17/5/07)

Questions
1. Define the following terms from the article (a) purchasing-power parity (b) export subsidy and (c) revaluation of the yuan.
2. Discuss the extent to which the yuan is really undervalued.
3. Assess the impact that a revaluation of the yuan of 20% is likely to have on (a) the UK trade position and (b) the US trade position.

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